¿Qué es la distopía?
De Guerras Mundiales y Pandemias
Cuando una guerra mundial se huele en el aire o cuando una pandemia azota sin mucho aviso, siempre hay páginas de la literatura que vuelven a nuestra memoria. Los hacedores de distopías (esto es imaginar el peor final del enjambre social) abundan. Lo concreto es que todo autor escribe para acertar en el futuro con sus predicciones, pero son pocos los que logran convertirse en clásicos.
En la novela “Los huevos fatales”, Mijail Bulgakov (autor de la célebre «El maestro y Margarita») imagina que Rusia, en 1925, estuvo a punto de sucumbir bajo un ejército de gallinas modificadas genéticamente. El murciélago chino de 2019 es un poroto al lado de esta trama (con perdón de la comparación gastronómica). Algunos análisis sociológicos hablan de una parodia al régimen y una ironía sobre el pronunciado abdomen de la burocracia. Lo más cierto es que creó una sátira en el género ciencia ficción que se adelantó a todas las épocas, sobre todo en el modo en que la modernidad puede enfrentarse a una pandemia.
Hubo un tiempo en el que, desde la ficción, grandes autores buscaron imaginar en sus novelas el futuro de las comunidades humanas con terribles tendencias a la polarización de ideas y al enfrentamiento. De allí surgieron dos grandes títulos para estudiar: George Orwell con “1984” y Aldoy Huxley con “Un mundo feliz”. En este Club de los Distópicos podríamos decir que hubo un anticipatorio que se les anticipó: Yevgueni Zamiatin, con la novela “Nosotros”.
Como decíamos, lo importante no es conseguir imaginar la distopía, sino convertirse en un clásico para que las novelas o los cuentos trasciendan y sirvan de análisis cuando ocurre lo “necesariamente” inevitable. Hablando de clásicos, el caso de Frank Kafka se destaca porque, alguien que literalmente estudió teatro con el mismísimo Adolf Hitler, construyó en su obra grandes predicciones que se cumplieron. Tan importante es su legado que vale recomendar el cuento “Las viudas de Kafka” de Gustavo Ciuffo quien lo publicó en el libro del mismo nombre editado por delaltillo (@delaltilloediciones). Ahí se destaca, en un hipotético diálogo, que “esa mujer que tenía enfrente me había contado la historia de los papeles de Kafka, y también su historia. Una historia de persecuciones, de huidas imposibles, de pedazos del pasado que uno podía ordenar para estudiar, pero que nunca alcanzaría a entender porque la historia, la misma historia que yo enseñaba a mis estudiantes, estaba llena de errores que habíamos aprendido a repetir y que seguiríamos repitiendo hasta el fin de los tiempos”.
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